48. Rotate Image - Explanation

Description

Given a square n x n matrix of integers matrix, rotate it by 90 degrees clockwise.

You must rotate the matrix in-place. Do not allocate another 2D matrix and do the rotation.

Example 1:

Input: matrix = [
  [1,2],
  [3,4]
]

Output: [
  [3,1],
  [4,2]
]

Example 2:

Input: matrix = [
  [1,2,3],
  [4,5,6],
  [7,8,9]
]

Output: [
  [7,4,1],
  [8,5,2],
  [9,6,3]
]

Constraints:

n == matrix.length == matrix[i].length
1 <= n <= 20
-1000 <= matrix[i][j] <= 1000

Topics

Recommended Time & Space Complexity

You should aim for a solution with O(n^2) time and O(1) space, where n is the length of the side of the given square matrix.

Hint 1

A brute force approach would use O(n^2) extra space to solve the problem. Can you think of a way to avoid using extra space? Maybe you should consider observing the positions of the elements before rotating and after rotating of the matrix.

Hint 2

We can rotate the matrix in two steps. First, we reverse the matrix vertically, meaning the first row becomes the last, the second row becomes the second last, and so on. Next, we transpose the reversed matrix, meaning rows become columns and columns become rows. How would you transpose the matrix?

Hint 3

Since the given matrix is a square matrix, we only need to iterate over the upper triangular part, meaning the right upper portion of the main diagonal. In this way, we can transpose a matrix.

Company Tags

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Prerequisites

Before attempting this problem, you should be comfortable with:

2D Array Indexing - Understanding how to access and modify elements using row and column indices
Matrix Transpose - Swapping elements across the main diagonal where element (i,j) swaps with (j,i)
In-Place Manipulation - Rotating elements within the matrix without using additional space for a copy
Layer-by-Layer Processing - Processing a matrix from outer boundaries inward, handling four elements at a time

1. Brute Force

Intuition

We are given an n x n matrix and need to rotate it 90 degrees clockwise.

A direct and beginner-friendly way to think about this is:

create a new matrix where each element from the original matrix is placed in its rotated position
after building this rotated version, copy it back into the original matrix

The key observation for a 90° clockwise rotation is:

an element at position (i, j) in the original matrix
moves to position (j, n - 1 - i) in the rotated matrix

By applying this rule to every cell, we can construct the rotated matrix easily.

Algorithm

Let n be the size of the matrix.
Create a new n x n matrix called rotated, initially filled with zeros.
Traverse each cell (i, j) of the original matrix:
- place its value into the rotated position:
  - rotated[j][n - 1 - i] = matrix[i][j]
After filling the rotated matrix, copy all values back into the original matrix.
The original matrix is now rotated 90 degrees clockwise.

class Solution:
    def rotate(self, matrix: List[List[int]]) -> None:
        n = len(matrix)
        rotated = [[0] * n for _ in range(n)]

        for i in range(n):
            for j in range(n):
                rotated[j][n - 1 - i] = matrix[i][j]

        for i in range(n):
            for j in range(n):
                matrix[i][j] = rotated[i][j]

public class Solution {
    public void rotate(int[][] matrix) {
        int n = matrix.length;
        int[][] rotated = new int[n][n];

        for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
            for (int j = 0; j < n; j++) {
                rotated[j][n - 1 - i] = matrix[i][j];
            }
        }

        for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
            for (int j = 0; j < n; j++) {
                matrix[i][j] = rotated[i][j];
            }
        }
    }
}

class Solution {
public:
    void rotate(vector<vector<int>>& matrix) {
        int n = matrix.size();
        vector<vector<int>> rotated(n, vector<int>(n));

        for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
            for (int j = 0; j < n; j++) {
                rotated[j][n - 1 - i] = matrix[i][j];
            }
        }

        matrix = rotated;
    }
};

class Solution {
    /**
     * @param {number[][]} matrix
     * @return {void}
     */
    rotate(matrix) {
        const n = matrix.length;
        const rotated = Array.from({ length: n }, () => Array(n).fill(0));

        for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) {
            for (let j = 0; j < n; j++) {
                rotated[j][n - 1 - i] = matrix[i][j];
            }
        }

        for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) {
            for (let j = 0; j < n; j++) {
                matrix[i][j] = rotated[i][j];
            }
        }
    }
}

public class Solution {
    public void Rotate(int[][] matrix) {
        int n = matrix.Length;
        int[][] rotated = new int[n][];
        for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
            rotated[i] = new int[n];
            for (int j = 0; j < n; j++) {
                rotated[i][j] = matrix[n - 1 - j][i];
            }
        }
        for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
            for (int j = 0; j < n; j++) {
                matrix[i][j] = rotated[i][j];
            }
        }
    }
}

class Solution {
    fun rotate(matrix: Array<IntArray>) {
        val n = matrix.size
        val rotated = Array(n) { IntArray(n) }

        for (i in 0 until n) {
            for (j in 0 until n) {
                rotated[j][n - 1 - i] = matrix[i][j]
            }
        }

        for (i in 0 until n) {
            for (j in 0 until n) {
                matrix[i][j] = rotated[i][j]
            }
        }
    }
}

class Solution {
    func rotate(_ matrix: inout [[Int]]) {
        let n = matrix.count
        var rotated = Array(repeating: Array(repeating: 0, count: n), count: n)

        for i in 0..<n {
            for j in 0..<n {
                rotated[j][n - 1 - i] = matrix[i][j]
            }
        }

        for i in 0..<n {
            for j in 0..<n {
                matrix[i][j] = rotated[i][j]
            }
        }
    }
}

impl Solution {
    pub fn rotate(matrix: &mut Vec<Vec<i32>>) {
        let n = matrix.len();
        let mut rotated = vec![vec![0; n]; n];
        for i in 0..n {
            for j in 0..n {
                rotated[j][n - 1 - i] = matrix[i][j];
            }
        }
        for i in 0..n {
            for j in 0..n {
                matrix[i][j] = rotated[i][j];
            }
        }
    }
}

Time & Space Complexity

Time complexity: $O(n ^ 2)$
Space complexity: $O(n ^ 2)$

2. Rotate By Four Cells

Intuition

We want to rotate an n x n matrix 90 degrees clockwise, but this time in-place, without using extra space.

A useful way to visualize this is to rotate the matrix layer by layer, starting from the outermost layer and moving inward.

For each square layer:

elements move in groups of four
each element in the group shifts to its new rotated position

Specifically, for a given layer:

top-left → top-right
top-right → bottom-right
bottom-right → bottom-left
bottom-left → top-left

By rotating these four cells at a time, we complete the rotation without needing an extra matrix.

Algorithm

Initialize two pointers:
- l = 0 → left boundary of the current layer
- r = n - 1 → right boundary of the current layer
While l < r (process each layer):
For each position i in the current layer (from 0 to r - l - 1):
- Identify:
  - top = l
  - bottom = r
- Save the top-left value temporarily
- Move bottom-left → top-left
- Move bottom-right → bottom-left
- Move top-right → bottom-right
- Move saved top-left → top-right
After finishing one layer:
- increment l
- decrement r
Continue until all layers are rotated.

class Solution:
    def rotate(self, matrix: List[List[int]]) -> None:
        l, r = 0, len(matrix) - 1
        while l < r:
            for i in range(r - l):
                top, bottom = l, r

                # save the topleft
                topLeft = matrix[top][l + i]

                # move bottom left into top left
                matrix[top][l + i] = matrix[bottom - i][l]

                # move bottom right into bottom left
                matrix[bottom - i][l] = matrix[bottom][r - i]

                # move top right into bottom right
                matrix[bottom][r - i] = matrix[top + i][r]

                # move top left into top right
                matrix[top + i][r] = topLeft
            r -= 1
            l += 1

public class Solution {
    public void rotate(int[][] matrix) {
        int l = 0;
        int r = matrix.length - 1;

        while ( l < r ) {
            for(int i = 0; i < r - l; i++) {
                int top = l;
                int bottom = r;
                 //save the topleft
                int topLeft = matrix[top][l + i];

                //move bottom left into top left
                matrix[top][l + i] = matrix[bottom - i][l];

                // move bottom right into bottom left
                matrix[bottom - i][l] = matrix[bottom][r - i];

                // move top right into bottom right
                matrix[bottom][r - i] = matrix[top + i][r];

                // move top left into top right
                matrix[top + i][r] = topLeft;

            }
            r--;
            l++;
        }
    }
}

class Solution {
public:
    void rotate(vector<vector<int>>& matrix) {
        int l = 0;
        int r = matrix.size() - 1;

        while ( l < r ) {
            for(int i = 0; i < r - l; i++) {
                int top = l;
                int bottom = r;

                //save the topleft
                int topLeft = matrix[top][l + i];

                //move bottom left into top left
                matrix[top][l + i] = matrix[bottom - i][l];

                // move bottom right into bottom left
                matrix[bottom - i][l] = matrix[bottom][r - i];

                // move top right into bottom right
                matrix[bottom][r - i] = matrix[top + i][r];

                // move top left into top right
                matrix[top + i][r] = topLeft;

            }
            r--;
            l++;
        }
    }
};

class Solution {
    /**
     * @param {number[][]} matrix
     * @return {void}
     */
    rotate(matrix) {
        let l = 0;
        let r = matrix.length - 1;

        while (l < r) {
            for (let i = 0; i < r - l; i++) {
                const top = l;
                const bottom = r;

                // save the topleft
                const topLeft = matrix[top][l + i];

                // move bottom left into top left
                matrix[top][l + i] = matrix[bottom - i][l];

                // move bottom right into bottom left
                matrix[bottom - i][l] = matrix[bottom][r - i];

                // move top right into bottom right
                matrix[bottom][r - i] = matrix[top + i][r];

                // move top left into top right
                matrix[top + i][r] = topLeft;
            }
            r--;
            l++;
        }
    }
}

public class Solution {
    public void Rotate(int[][] matrix) {
        (int left, int right) = (0, matrix.Length -1);

        while(left < right) {
            var limit = right - left;
            for(var i = 0; i < limit; i++) {
                (int top, int bottom) = (left, right);

                // save the top left position
                var topLeft = matrix[top][left + i];

                // put the bottom left value to the top left position
                matrix[top][left + i] = matrix[bottom - i][left];

                // put the bottom right value to the bottom left position
                matrix[bottom - i][left] = matrix[bottom][right - i];

                // put the top right value to the bottom right position
                matrix[bottom][right - i] = matrix[top + i][right];

                // put the saved top left value to the top right position
                matrix[top + i][right] = topLeft;

            }
            left++;
            right--;
        }

        return;
    }
}

func rotate(matrix [][]int) {
	l, r := 0, len(matrix)-1
	for l < r {
		for i := 0; i < r-l; i++ {
			top, bottom := l, r

			// save the topleft
			topLeft := matrix[top][l+i]

			// move bottom left into top left
			matrix[top][l+i] = matrix[bottom-i][l]

			// move bottom right into bottom left
			matrix[bottom-i][l] = matrix[bottom][r-i]

			// move top right into bottom right
			matrix[bottom][r-i] = matrix[top+i][r]

			// move top left into top right
			matrix[top+i][r] = topLeft
		}
		r--
		l++
	}
}

class Solution {
    fun rotate(matrix: Array<IntArray>) {
        var l = 0
        var r = matrix.size - 1
        while (l < r) {
            for (i in 0 until r - l) {
                val top = l
                val bottom = r

                // save the topleft
                val topLeft = matrix[top][l + i]

                // move bottom left into top left
                matrix[top][l + i] = matrix[bottom - i][l]

                // move bottom right into bottom left
                matrix[bottom - i][l] = matrix[bottom][r - i]

                // move top right into bottom right
                matrix[bottom][r - i] = matrix[top + i][r]

                // move top left into top right
                matrix[top + i][r] = topLeft
            }
            r--
            l++
        }
    }
}

class Solution {
    func rotate(_ matrix: inout [[Int]]) {
        var l = 0
        var r = matrix.count - 1
        while l < r {
            for i in 0..<r - l {
                let top = l
                let bottom = r

                // save the topleft
                let topLeft = matrix[top][l + i]

                // move bottom left into top left
                matrix[top][l + i] = matrix[bottom - i][l]

                // move bottom right into bottom left
                matrix[bottom - i][l] = matrix[bottom][r - i]

                // move top right into bottom right
                matrix[bottom][r - i] = matrix[top + i][r]

                // move top left into top right
                matrix[top + i][r] = topLeft
            }
            r -= 1
            l += 1
        }
    }
}

impl Solution {
    pub fn rotate(matrix: &mut Vec<Vec<i32>>) {
        let mut l = 0;
        let mut r = matrix.len() - 1;
        while l < r {
            for i in 0..(r - l) {
                let top = l;
                let bottom = r;
                let top_left = matrix[top][l + i];
                matrix[top][l + i] = matrix[bottom - i][l];
                matrix[bottom - i][l] = matrix[bottom][r - i];
                matrix[bottom][r - i] = matrix[top + i][r];
                matrix[top + i][r] = top_left;
            }
            r -= 1;
            l += 1;
        }
    }
}

Time & Space Complexity

Time complexity: $O(n ^ 2)$
Space complexity: $O(1)$

3. Reverse And Transpose

Intuition

We want to rotate an n x n matrix 90 degrees clockwise in-place.

A very clean way to do this is to break the rotation into two simple operations:

Reverse the matrix vertically
Transpose the matrix

Why this works:

Reversing the matrix flips it upside down
Transposing swaps rows with columns
Doing both together results in a 90° clockwise rotation

This method is elegant, easy to remember, and avoids extra space.

Algorithm

Reverse the matrix vertically:
- the first row becomes the last
- the last row becomes the first
Transpose the matrix:
- swap elements across the main diagonal
- for all i < j, swap matrix[i][j] with matrix[j][i]
The matrix is now rotated 90 degrees clockwise in-place.

class Solution:
    def rotate(self, matrix: List[List[int]]) -> None:
        # Reverse the matrix vertically
        matrix.reverse()

        # Transpose the matrix
        for i in range(len(matrix)):
            for j in range(i + 1, len(matrix)):
                matrix[i][j], matrix[j][i] = matrix[j][i], matrix[i][j]

public class Solution {
    public void rotate(int[][] matrix) {
        // Reverse the matrix vertically
        reverse(matrix);

        // Transpose the matrix
        for (int i = 0; i < matrix.length; i++) {
            for (int j = i; j < matrix[i].length; j++) {
                int temp = matrix[i][j];
                matrix[i][j] = matrix[j][i];
                matrix[j][i] = temp;
            }
        }
    }

    private void reverse(int[][] matrix) {
        int n = matrix.length;
        for (int i = 0; i < n / 2; i++) {
            int[] temp = matrix[i];
            matrix[i] = matrix[n - 1 - i];
            matrix[n - 1 - i] = temp;
        }
    }
}

class Solution {
public:
    void rotate(vector<vector<int>>& matrix) {
        // Reverse the matrix vertically
        reverse(matrix.begin(), matrix.end());

        // Transpose the matrix
        for (int i = 0; i < matrix.size(); ++i) {
            for (int j = i + 1; j < matrix[i].size(); ++j)
                swap(matrix[i][j], matrix[j][i]);
        }
    }
};

class Solution {
    /**
     * @param {number[][]} matrix
     * @return {void}
     */
    rotate(matrix) {
        // Reverse the matrix vertically
        matrix.reverse();

        // Transpose the matrix
        for (let i = 0; i < matrix.length; i++) {
            for (let j = i; j < matrix[i].length; j++) {
                [matrix[i][j], matrix[j][i]] = [matrix[j][i], matrix[i][j]];
            }
        }
    }
}

public class Solution {
    public void Rotate(int[][] matrix) {
        // Reverse the matrix vertically
        Array.Reverse(matrix);

        // Transpose the matrix
        for (int i = 0; i < matrix.Length; i++) {
            for (int j = i; j < matrix[i].Length; j++) {
                (matrix[i][j], matrix[j][i]) = (matrix[j][i], matrix[i][j]);
            }
        }
    }
}

func rotate(matrix [][]int) {
	// Reverse the matrix vertically
	for i, j := 0, len(matrix)-1; i < j; i, j = i+1, j-1 {
		matrix[i], matrix[j] = matrix[j], matrix[i]
	}

	// Transpose the matrix
	for i := 0; i < len(matrix); i++ {
		for j := i + 1; j < len(matrix); j++ {
			matrix[i][j], matrix[j][i] = matrix[j][i], matrix[i][j]
		}
	}
}

class Solution {
    fun rotate(matrix: Array<IntArray>) {
        // Reverse the matrix vertically
        matrix.reverse()

        // Transpose the matrix
        for (i in matrix.indices) {
            for (j in i + 1 until matrix.size) {
                val temp = matrix[i][j]
                matrix[i][j] = matrix[j][i]
                matrix[j][i] = temp
            }
        }
    }
}

class Solution {
    func rotate(_ matrix: inout [[Int]]) {
        // Reverse the matrix vertically
        matrix.reverse()

        // Transpose the matrix
        for i in 0..<matrix.count {
            for j in i + 1..<matrix.count {
                (matrix[i][j], matrix[j][i]) = (matrix[j][i], matrix[i][j])
            }
        }
    }
}

impl Solution {
    pub fn rotate(matrix: &mut Vec<Vec<i32>>) {
        let n = matrix.len();
        // Reverse the matrix vertically
        matrix.reverse();
        // Transpose the matrix
        for i in 0..n {
            for j in (i + 1)..n {
                let tmp = matrix[i][j];
                matrix[i][j] = matrix[j][i];
                matrix[j][i] = tmp;
            }
        }
    }
}

Time & Space Complexity

Time complexity: $O(n ^ 2)$
Space complexity: $O(1)$

Common Pitfalls

Confusing Clockwise and Counter-Clockwise Rotation

The order of operations matters: for 90-degree clockwise rotation, reverse rows first then transpose. For counter-clockwise, transpose first then reverse rows. Mixing up this order or using the wrong sequence produces incorrect rotations.

Transposing the Entire Matrix Instead of Upper Triangle

When transposing in-place, swapping all pairs (i, j) with (j, i) including when i > j swaps each element twice, returning to the original matrix. The inner loop should only iterate for j > i to swap each pair exactly once.

Incorrect Index Calculation in Layer-by-Layer Rotation

In the four-cell rotation approach, computing the indices for the four corners incorrectly causes elements to be placed in wrong positions. Each of the four positions involves different combinations of l, r, i, top, and bottom, and confusing these leads to corrupted matrix values.